BASELINE FINDINGS

Her Vote, Her Voice

From Brahmanbaria to Nation: Promoting Safe and Informed Voting
for Rural Women through Legal Literacy and Online Outreach

Project & Research Context

Establishing the foundation of our intervention strategy.

Implemented By
South Asia Center for Media in Development (SACMID)
Supported By
Supported by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Dhaka
Study Location
Brahmanbaria Sadar Upazila (11 Unions)
Why This Study Matters
  • First systematic district-level study on rural women's electoral participation.
  • Assessed baseline realities before intervention.
  • Combined voting behavior, safety, misinformation, and digital exposure.

Research Design & Credibility

Communicating academic seriousness and institutional trust.

Methodology
  • Quantitative Survey (N=100)
  • 11 Focus Group Discussions (N=99)
  • 22 Key Informant Interviews
  • Community Dialogue (multi-stakeholder)
  • Validation Trainings (220+ participants)
Analytical Rigor
  • Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke framework)
  • Codebook-based qualitative coding
  • Rigorous cross-verification of data
Ethical Compliance
  • The Belmont Report Standards
  • AAPOR Ethical Standards
  • Bangladesh Constitution Alignment

Geographic Coverage

10 semi-urban/rural mixed unions and 1 predominantly rural union.

Natai (North) Natai (South) Budhol Suhilpur Majlishpur Talshohor Ramrail Machhihata Sultanpur Basudeb Sadekpur

Core Findings: Multidimensional Barriers

Voting is often treated as a family obligation, not an individual constitutional right.

Patriarchal Control
92%
CONTROLLED DECISIONS
By male guardians
58%
FAMILY DISCUSSION
Women's participation
42%
UNAWARE OF RIGHTS
Democratic right awareness
PRIMARY CONTROLLERS
Husbands Fathers-in-law Brothers-in-law
Societal & Political
Societal Pressure 94%
Fear of Attack 67%
Lack of Info 46%
"Women are rarely approached as independent voters."
Infrastructure & Security
76% do not feel safe going alone
52% cite poor roads & transport
45% face consistent threats
MAJOR GAPS:
NO SANITATION NO RESTING SPACES OVERCROWDING LONG DISTANCES
Religious & Cultural

Religion used socially to justify male guidance. Not doctrinal — culturally enforced. Affects both Muslim (86%) and Hindu (14%) women.

Rumor & Misinformation

46% lack authentic information.

"Your vote does not matter" • "Election violence is inevitable"

Digital Landscape: Opportunity & Risk

Digital inclusion presents a transformative opportunity — but only when paired with literacy.

88%
SMARTPHONE USE
81%
INTERNET ACCESS
85%
SOCIAL MEDIA PREF.
Preferred Platforms
Facebook 60%
YouTube 15%
Digital Risks
Online Harassment
Cyberbullying and stalking targeting active female voices.
Male Monitoring
Surveillance of online activity by male family members.
Data Privacy
Concerns over how personal voting data is handled online.

Trusted Community Catalysts

These catalysts directly justify our project design and engagement model.

Teachers
Health Workers
NGO Workers
Religious Leaders
Most Effective Strategies
Women-only courtyard meetings
Trusted female facilitators
Repeated engagement (not one-off)
Inclusion of male family members
85%
Want Election Info Via Social Media

Community Dialogue Outcomes

Collaborative solutions proposed by local stakeholders.

Participants Included:
  • Election Officials
  • Police & Ansar Women
  • Journalists
  • Political Party Reps
  • Civil Society Actors
Women-friendly polling centers
Legal literacy campaigns
Fact-checking initiatives
Grievance awareness training
Religious leader engagement
Long-term monitoring

Key Recommendations

A multi-dimensional roadmap for transformative change.

Safety & Facilities
Improve polling safety & women-friendly facilities.
Male Engagement
Engage male family members in awareness programs.
Legal Literacy
Strengthen literacy on constitutional voting rights.
Digital Literacy
Build women-only fact-checking & digital groups.
Verified Channels
Create verified social media information channels.
Local Ambassadors
Train local leaders as election information ambassadors.
Grievance Awareness
Promote complaint & grievance awareness systems.
Long-term Monitoring
Establish long-term monitoring mechanisms.

Voice From the Grassroots

Direct perspectives from women participants across different unions in Brahmanbaria.

"Many women hesitate to participate in voting because of family pressure. Lack of education and social barriers are also major factors."

F
Ferdousi
Ramrail Union, Brahmanbaria

"Women are often unwilling to vote due to security concerns. They cannot make voting decisions without family approval. Additionally, local groups or social ties also influence them."

J
Jesmin
Ramrail Union, Brahmanbaria

"Many women feel that if they go out to vote, it may violate or disrupt their observance of purdah. In addition, there is family pressure, and often they are not given permission to leave the house."

S
Sadekul
Ramrail Union, Brahmanbaria

"In the last election, I observed that some husbands and wives supported different political parties. The husband did not want his wife to vote for the opposing party. As a result, the husband would monitor his wife while she was voting. When a woman does not follow her husband’s preference and votes according to her own choice, it can lead to family conflict between them."

R
Ramzan
Ramrail Union, Brahmanbaria

"If there are female volunteers at polling centers and adequate security arrangements, women will be able to vote without fear."

R
Rehana
Basudeb Union, Brahmanbaria

"Through my work as a journalist, traveling from village to village, I have observed that women rarely make decisions independently. They mainly emphasize maintaining family unity. Before marriage, they are influenced by the political identity of their parental home, and after marriage, by that of their husband’s family. However, nowadays, due to exposure to TV talk shows and Facebook, they are gradually developing their own judgment. Even so, when it comes to expressing their final decision, the opinions of the family elders tend to take precedence."

S
Sohel
Natai Union, Brahmanbaria

"Religious values and guidance from community elders play a significant role here. In addition, the decision of the head of the household often serves as the final and most influential factor."

D
Delowar
Bodhal Union, Brahmanbaria

"Often there are restrictions imposed by political authorities. In addition, rumors, family pressures, and various other social constraints create obstacles to women’s exercise of their voting rights."

M
Mosharraf
Machihata Union, Brahmanbaria

"From what I have observed, many women have their own opinions, but due to family and social pressure, they are unable to make decisions accordingly. However, among younger and more educated women, the tendency to vote according to their own decisions is gradually increasing."

J
Jinnat
Natai South Union, Brahmanbaria

"As homemakers, we usually make our voting decisions based on the opinions of our husbands or the elders in the family. Even if we have our own views, they are often not expressed."

A
Antara
Natai South Union, Brahmanbaria

"I believe in straightforward things. As the head of the household, if I tell my wife or daughters to vote a certain way, they won’t disobey me. After all, it’s us who go out and know best from whom we can get benefits."

A
Abbas Ali
Talshohor Union, Brahmanbaria

"The biggest challenges for women to vote independently are fear for their safety, family pressure, and the social environment. Many women feel that going to the polling station might involve disorder or unpleasant incidents. In addition, concerns about political violence, male-dominated behavior, and a lack of sufficient knowledge about the voting process are also major obstacles. Without order and proper control, women naturally do not have the courage to make independent decisions."

R
Rahim
Sultanpur Union, Brahmanbaria

"Many women neglect elections, and many are not sufficiently aware or do not fully understand the importance of voting responsibly. Due to a lack of education and family pressure, they face difficulties in making voting decisions. Once, during a Union Parishad (UP) election, I visited a house to invite a woman to vote, but she refused because she had argued with her husband about it. Although local elections receive some importance, national elections are considered much less significant. Many women show little interest in national elections and do not participate due to family decisions or social pressure."

R
Ramzan
Ramrail Union, Brahmanbaria

"I have observed that many women in our area first discuss the matter with their family members. They want to express their own opinions, but in the end, they usually follow the advice of their husbands or elders."

R
Rahim
Majlishpur Union, Brahmanbaria

Project Gallery

Visual highlights from field surveys, focus group discussions, and community dialogues.

Study Limitations

Transparency increases donor and institutional credibility by acknowledging research constraints.

Time Constraints
Short data collection period due to project timelines.
Self-Reporting Bias
Potential for self-reported data bias in sensitive cultural contexts.
Underreporting
Cultural sensitivity leading to potential underreporting of certain barriers.
Sustained Effort
Behavior change requires sustained, long-term effort beyond initial study.

Strategic Conclusion

The baseline findings confirm that women's electoral participation in Brahmanbaria is shaped by intersecting forces: patriarchy, misinformation, infrastructural gaps, and political pressure.

However, high digital access, trusted local leadership, and community-based engagement models provide a strong foundation for transformative change.

How Her Vote Her Voice Addresses These Findings

Baseline Supervision

Ensuring technical quality, ethical compliance, and strategic alignment of the baseline study.

Nadia Nahrin Rahman
Lead Researcher
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP)
Syed Kamrul Hasan
Co-ordination
Deputy Director & Program Manager, South Asia Center for Media in Development (SACMID)
Shadman Al Arbi
Program Officer – Digital Communication
South Asia Center for Media in Development (SACMID)
Abu Sufian
Program Officer – Community Mobilization and Advocacy
South Asia Center for Media in Development (SACMID)

Research Team

The dedicated field researchers and surveyors who conducted the baseline study across 11 unions.

Ashraful Islam
SURVEYOR
Boshir Ahmed
SURVEYOR
Easmin Akter
SURVEYOR
Fahim Muntasir
SURVEYOR
Jobayed Ahamed
SURVEYOR
Mamun Mia
SURVEYOR
Neher Ranjan Sarkar
SURVEY SUPERVISOR
Nurjahan Reshma
SURVEYOR
Rupam Sutradhar
SURVEYOR
Tanjina Akther Bithi
SURVEYOR
Zakir Hossen
SURVEYOR
Abul Ahad
SURVEYOR